ABSTRACT
Aims: The aim is to investigate the neck-shaft angle or Collo-Diaphyseal Angle (CDA) of femur and the effect of homozygous sickle cell (HbSS) on the angle. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Radiology Departments of two Hospitals in Maiduguri, namely Umaru Shehu Modern Hospital and University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), between January, 2009 - December, 2010. Methodology: Using plain radiographs of the femur, a total of 194 HbSS and 40 control (non-HbSS) children below 17 years of age were selected. The study samples whose clinical data had been excluded from any diseases that could modify the femur were studied. The Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) was performed by the evaluator. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the relevant body of these government hospitals. Results: The TEM values obtained were less than 1 and were considered as a good measurement method for the evaluator performance. The CDA (mean ± standard deviations) were higher in males than females. The CDA in the left femur was greater than the right both for males and females, respectively. Furthermore, the study documents, probably for the first time that in few cases there was a reduction in the CDA of HbSS when compared with the control groups. The study revealed that there was sexually significant variation (p<0.05). The demarking points and index of sexual dimorphism of CDA show sex differences and can be used for sex determination. Conclusion: The results from this study reveal that the mean CDA of femur of HbSS children of the study population were sexually dimorphic. The information from this study may aid forensic pathologists, orthopaedic surgeons and future research in evaluation of the femur.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To estimate sex using demarking points and index of sexual dimorphism of horizontal and vertical diameters of lumbar pedicles in male and female Nigerians. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Human Anatomy and Department of Radiology (University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital), University of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria between February 2007 and June 2008. Methodology: Four hundred (400) radiographs of adult Nigerians (200 males and 200 females) were measured. Age range for the individuals was 18-76 years. Radiographs used for this study were obtained from the collection of record unit of the Radiology Department, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) in Borno state, Nigeria.Radiographic viewing box, temporary maker, pencil and a meter rule were used for the measurements.The radiographs for males and females were classified separately into six (6) age groups with ten (10) years interval. Vertical and Horizontal diameters of lumbar pedicle were represented on the radiographs by “h” (taken as the maximum dimension of the pedicle between the upper and lower margins of the pedicles) and by “t” (maximum diameter between the medial and lateral aspect of each pedicle). Distance between upper and lower extremities, as well as that between medial and lateral extremities of each pedicle were marked and measured as vertical and horizontal diameters respectively. Results: The result of the present study showed that, the vertical and horizontal diameters of the lumbar pedicles in adult Nigerians were all greater in male than in female counterpart. It was also observed that sexual differences in the two parameters were found to be statistically significant (P<0.001) in both sexes. Index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) was also calculated and it was observed that all parameters were found to be greater than 100; this showed that male had higher values over female counterpart. Demarking points were also calculated for each parameter, the result also showed similar pattern of increase in male parameters over female counterpart. The result also showed age-related significant (P<0.001) variations for the lumbar pedicle diameters, from 18-27 through 38-47 years age groups with a decrease in diameters at the 48-57 through 68-77 years age groups in both sexes. Conclusion: It was observed that the vertical and horizontal diameters were sexually dimorphic; the demarking points of male diameter were all higher than those of the female counterpart. Index of sexual dimorphism also showed that male vertical and horizontal diameters were all greater than female vertical diameter as the index of sexual dimorphism were all greater than 100 from L1 through L5. This study reconfirms the fact that osteometric assessment is highly population- specific. It may be added that more studies are required in the southern part of Nigerian population to give a better picture of the racial variation that exists there and to offer more osteometric standards for assessing sex for the entire country.